The Evolution of the Concerto from Classical to Romantic Era free essay sample

Traditional to the sentimental period; creating changes inside its instrumentation, structure topical material and cadenced gadgets. The cultural perspectives towards the structure and utilization of the concerto structure additionally changed during this time. A concerto is a course of action with solo works performed inside the piece, switching back and forth between a bigger gathering and the soloist.The foundation of its definition was accepted to intend to clash with each other (Obeyed, 1957), this definition clarifies the possibility of a concerto, it shows an idea that the soloist is skirmishing with the wander of the group. The characterizing normal for a concerto is its plan. It has a complexity in sound between the symphony and solo instruments or little gatherings, bobbing between the a few even. There has been hypothesis that the concerto structure was In reality a variety of the sonata structure, yet this Is not the situation (Simon, 1957).The sonata was accepted to be Introduced around 1770, making the concerto, on a course of events, show up before the sonata structure. In the early pieces of the ornate period the concerto in its conventional structure had not yet risen (Simon, 1957), yet it was underway, on its way. There were follows on concerto as far back as before 1550 (Obeyed, 1957). The Fantasia of Francesco father Milan for two lutes marked one of the lutes as Lout In concerto. In 1553, Diego Errol additionally distributed a piece that Included expressions, for example, . En concertina De esteems; purposeful. .. Both these models show that the concerto structure was starting to rise, obviously it wasnt completely created as such to the extent that we know it today, these were Just traces of its start. Beginning as a type of creation, In the early rococo time frame, the concerto Ross was one of the principal normalized types of the concerto structure. It was presented by Archangel Cornell and is of Roman beginning. Coracles popular concerto net work, Opus 6, may have been made as far back as the mid to late seventeenth century, yet was not distributed till after his passing in 1714, somewhere in the range of 30 years after the fact, having kicked the bucket in 1713.This denoted the primary genuine distribution of the concerto net classification dander, 1968). Coracles Opus 6 was contained totally strings. The performance area known as the concertina that must be made of two violins and a cello. This soloist bunch at that point exchanged with a bigger gathering called the ages, which for the most part comprised of two violins, a bass and a viola, of which the numbers can be expanded; there was additionally at times a continuo. This was the standard instrumental arrangement for the concerto gross and different writers, for example, Handel utilized this. Bach was a productive author during the later pieces of the extravagant period, he was structure. The vast majority of these works were created around 1720. Bach was the Experimentalist for Prince Leopold of Inhalant-Cotton during this period; this was likewise the period in Inch his better half passed on out of nowhere, maybe striking motivation. A large number of Bachs concertos utilized extra and fluctuated instrumentation to those of Cornell and the concerto net structure. They frequently had woodwind and metal instruments, for example, the oboe, recorder, trumpet and piccolo.There was no standard instrumentation for Bachs concertos, the instruments he utilized fluctuated from piece to bits. To differentiate this, Bachs concerto No. 1 utilized two horns, three oboes, a violin piccolo joined by the bassoon, a strings area (like a matures) and a harpsichord (this concerto being his generally intricate). While his concerto No. 4 comprised of a violin and two recorders, joined by strings and a harpsichord. Bach utilized the harpsichord as solo concerto instrument additionally in certain pieces, for example, his concerto No. 5 and his harpsichord concerto in d minor.This demonstrated that the independent part of the concerto Nas not Just constrained to the strings and headphones, wandering from concerto net customary structure. Bachs concertos as a rule had three developments likewise, contrasting from the four of Coracles creation 6. Knolling Amadeus Mozart likewise formed and distributed a noteworthy number of concerto pieces in his time. As innovation and instruments created and changed, so did the contemporary concerto of that time. Mozart utilized Piano in his concerto, some in any event, for soloist parts, rather that the obsolete harpsichord.The Instrumentation for his Concerto No. 3, formed during the late traditional period (around 1800), comprised of 2 oboes, 2 woodwinds, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, a trumpet, kettle drum, a strings area and a soloist piano. This plan additionally contains scoring for the percussion instrument the kettle drum, likewise dissimilar to the concertos from the early sasss. There is additionally a substantially more noticeable woodwind segment. He concerto structure grew extraordinarily from the seventeenth to eighteenth century, in arioso aspects.It changed in its instrumentation, structure, topical material and its cadenced gadgets, yet the fundamental characterizing trademark, the soloist sections, remained. Lead celestial host Cornell was known as the first to distribute the concerto gross, one of the primary concerto structures, later different authors created and developed on this classification, for example, Bach, Beethoven, Mozart, Profile, Stravinsky, Bartok and a lot increasingly all the Nay up to present day arrangers, for example, Barber. Every one of these writers are capable or the turn of events and change of the concerto structure and its gadgets.

Duality in Waiting For Godot

Duality in Waiting For Godot Beckett is known to have remarked, I had little ability for bliss.- This sentence in itself is silly, similar to the most popular dramatization of Beckett: Waiting for Godot. Be that as it may, what precisely craziness implies? The first or word reference importance of crazy is Out of congruity. completely or clearly silly, counter-intuitive, or false; in spite of all explanation or good judgment; bizarrely stupid or false.But the word has an alternate significance when it is utilized int he theater of the ludicrous. Denoting the contrast between a decent play and a ludicrous play, Martin Esslin opines: In the event that a decent play must have an astutely developed story, these have no story or plot to talk about : if a decent play is decided by nuance of portrayal and inspiration, these are frequently without unmistakable characters and present the crowd with practically mechanical manikins; if a decent play must have a completely clarified subject, which is flawlessly uncovered lastly comprehended, these regularly have neither a start nor an end; if a decent play is to hold the mirror upto nature and depict the habits and peculiarities of the age in finely watched draws, these appear to be regularly to be impressions of dreams and bad dreams if a decent play depends on clever repartee and pointed exchanges, these frequently comprise of indiscernible babblings. Hanging tight for Godot is crammed with sets. Theres Vladimir and Estragon, the two criminals, the Boy and his sibling, Pozzo and Lucky, Cain and Abel, and obviously the two demonstrations of the play itself. With these sets comes the rehashed thought of subjective, 50/50 possibilities. One criminal is spared and other accursed, however for no unmistakable explanation. On the off chance that Vladimir and Estragon attempt to hang themselves, the branch might possibly break. One man may kick the bucket, one man may live. Godot could conceivably come to spare them. In the Bible, Cains penance was dismissed and Abels acknowledged for no noticeable explanation. Its minor, however Estragons line in Act I: My left lung is extremely feeble [㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦]. Be that as it may, my correct lung is sound as a chime! More combines, increasingly subjective condemnation. Indeed, even the tone of Waiting for Godot is loaded up with duality: two man contentions, to and fro questions, difference unde rstanding, questions and (frequently insufficient) answers. The tree is the main unmistakable bit of the setting, so were almost certain it is important. Directly off the bat youve got the scriptural stuff; Jesus was killed on a cross, however that cross is in some cases alluded to as a tree, as in, Jesus was nailed to the tree. That Vladimir and Estragon consider balancing themselves from the tree is likely a reference to the torturous killing, yet it likewise spoofs the strict criticalness. On the off chance that Jesus kicked the bucket for the wrongdoings of others, Vladimir and Estragon are biting the dust to no end. Be that as it may, we can likewise think about the two men not as Jesus, but instead as the two criminals executed alongside Jesus. This fits pleasantly with accounts story as Vladimir tells it; one criminal is spared and the other condemned, so Didi and Gogo are taking a gander at a fifty-fifty possibility. The vulnerability that originates from irregularity between the four accounts is fitting, as well, since Vladimir cannot be sure if Godot is coming to spare both of them. Moreover, Vladimir reports that he was advised to hang tight for Godot by the tree. This ought to be consoling it implies the men are in the opportune spot. As Estragon brings up, theyre not certain if this is the correct tree. Furthermore, then again, they cannot be certain if this is a tree or not. It sort of resembles a bush. The tree could be the tree of life. So the trees irregular blossoming would propose that it is something of a tree of life. What's more, as indicated by the precept, that implies a longing has been satisfied. Besides the trees growing leaves could be an unexpected image calling attention to that, a long way from satisfied wants, trusts have been conceded one more day much like Vladimirs amusing case in Act II that things have changed here since yesterday when, plainly, nothing at all has.. While Vladimir and Estragon sit tight for Godot, they likewise hang tight for sunset. For reasons unknown (once more, subjective and questionable), they dont need to hang tight for him once the night has fallen. The great translation is that night = dim = demise. The falling of night is as much a respite from day by day experiencing as death is an incredible enduring. Theres likewise the issue of the moon, as its appearance in the sky is the genuine sign that night has come and the men can quit sitting tight for Godot. Estragon, in one of his underhanded savvy minutes, remarks the moon is pale for exhaustion [㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦] of climbing paradise and looking on any semblance of us. In spite of the fact that the man remembers nothing of yesterday, he does at this time appear to appreciate the unending redundancy of his life. What's more, if the moon is exhausted just from viewing, envision what that says about the pickle of the men themselves. Carrots and turnips are in one sense only a muffle reel for Vladimir and Estragons comic bits. Be that as it may, I was keen on their difference over the vegetable: Funny, Estragon remarks as he crunches, the more you eat, the more terrible it gets. Vladimir rapidly dissents, including that, for him, its the exact inverse. From one perspective, this could be a totally good for nothing discussion the fact of the matter is essentially that Vladimir is in contradiction, playing at alternate extremes, adding to the squabbling duality among himself and Gogo. Then again, the carrot could be about the importance of life. It could be an insight with respect to the contrasts between the way Vladimir and Estragon live their lives. Vladimirs resulting remark, an addendum to his carrot guarantee, is that he becomes accustomed to the waste as [he goes] along. He surrenders to cliché. Estragon, then again, wearies over the long haul a lot of like the tired moon he sees in Act II. When Pozzo later dishes about smoking, he asserts that a subsequent funnel is never so sweet [as the first]. Be that as it may, its sweet in any case. This is a third and particular response to the carrot question. At the point when Lucky is instructed to move in Act I, Pozzo uncovers that he considers his move The Net, including, He thinks hes ensnared in a net. You would think a person tied up on a rope would feel sufficiently bound. Obviously, the picture of Lucky squirming in a nonexistent net is an enduring picture for the play in general, and particularly for the predicament of Vladimir and Estragon, who, as weve said previously, are restricted in a jail or maybe their very own net minds. There is by all accounts no deficiency of asinine props in Waiting for Godot, and these three make them thing in like manner: they are on the whole foolish articles on which the men have created silly conditions. Fortunate can't think without his bowler. Pozzo needs his vaporizer to talk. Estragon appears sentenced to everlastingly take his boots on and off, as does Vladimir with his cap. This is another extraordinary blend of the lamentable and the comic; the circumstance is diverting for its silliness, however horrid simultaneously. Estragon is over and over repulsed by smells in Waiting for Godot. Vladimir smells of garlic, Lucky scents like who comprehends what, and Pozzo stinks of a fart in Act II. It appears to be each time Estragon attempts to draw near to an individual, he is repulsed by their smell. It looks to us like scents speak to one of the boundaries to relational connections. Estragon isnt just repulsed by scents hes repulsed by the instinctive humankind of people around him. Theres something coarse and base about the scent of a human body, and for Estragon its an excessive amount to deal with. There are a few understandings of Waiting for Godot, the two most notable are the strict one and the political one. The strict understandings set Vladimir and Estragon as mankind hanging tight for the subtle return of a friend in need. On the off chance that this is the essential thought, at that point this makes Pozzo into the Pope and Lucky into the reliable. The steadfast are then seen as a figure of God cut off by human bigotry. The turned tree can then again speak to either the tree of death, the tree of life, the tree of Judas or the tree of information. Political translations additionally flourish. A few commentators hold that the connection among Pozzo and Lucky is that of an entrepreneur to his work. This Marxist translation is reasonable given that in the second demonstration Pozzo is incognizant in regards to what's going on around him and Lucky is quiet to fight his treatment. The play has additionally been comprehended as a purposeful anecdote for Franco-German relations. A fascinating understanding contends that Lucky gets his name since he is fortunate with regards to the play. Since a large portion of the play is spent attempting to discover intentions for sit back, Lucky will be fortunate in light of the fact that his activities are resolved totally by Pozzo. Pozzo then again is unfortunate since he needs to take a break as well as must discover things for Lucky to do.

Land the Job with an Effective Cover Letter

Land the Job with an Effective Cover Letter EP 46: Land the Job with an Effective Cover Letter EP 46: Land the Job with an Effective Cover Letter You may wonder if you should write a cover letter for a job you are applying for. Maybe the job advertisement does not ask for a cover letter. Think of it this way, chances are, if you have to ask the question, ‘should I write a cover letter?’ The answer is yes! Join Cath Anne on Episode 46 of The Homework Help Show as she discusses how to write an effective cover letter. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and I am the weekly host of Homework Help Globals The Homework Help Show. Here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: [00:00:25] You may wonder if you should write a cover letter for a job that youre applying for. Maybe the job advertisement doesnt specifically request a cover letter. Think about it this way. Chances are if you have to ask Should I write a cover letter for this job. The answer is yes. The cover letter is the best way to show your employer or your future employer that you are the best candidate for the position. If you write a cover letter it may mean the difference between getting the job and having your resume relegated to the bottom of a pile of discarded resumes. It makes sense to create a standard resume and then kind of modify it for each different job that you are applying to. Last week on episode 45 we discussed a six step process that you can use to build your own resume. I would recommend that you check that out and then come back to this episode so that you can kind of have the resume and cover letter package you know. This week lets talk about everything you n eed to know about writing a cover letter. So what is a cover letter. It is important to know the purpose of a cover letter a cover letter is a one page letter that you sent along with your resume so that your employer or your future employer can get to know you a little bit in your cover letter you discuss your experiences and your skills and how they might tie in to your future job. In the letter you discuss why you are the most qualified person for the position that theyre hiring for. Do not repeat everything that is on your resume. Think about a cover letter as a chance to make a link between your specific skills and how they connect to the job that youll apply for. Think of your cover letter as a sales pitch that will help you get the interview. Remember a cover letter is a great way to make an excellent first impression. Employers often use cover letters to determine which candidates they will bring in for an interview and which ones they will pass. If the employer requires a c over letter they will list it on the application even if it is not listed. Consider including a cover letter this will show that you have put some extra effort into your application. So there are three different types of cover letters. The first type is the application letter which responds to a hiring advertisement. This is the one that you will use most commonly if youre applying to an open position with a company. The prospecting letter is the second type and this inquires about possible positions so you might use this in a situation where you are writing to a company to see if they have any work available. Finally there is a networking letter which requests information so that you can ease into your job search. So when you are applying for a job you will be using the application letter style. As I mentioned a cover letter should always compliment and not just replicate your resume. Cath Anne: [00:03:41] The cover letters purpose is to add a personal touch your application for employment again. Check out episode 45. For more on how to write your resume and then move on to this episode and write your cover letter a cover letter creates a critical first impression with a potential employer or even something like a small typo can have your application sent to the bottom of the pile. On the other hand if you write your cover letter perfectly without any typos at all but it lacks character and it makes no mention of the company the hiring manager will also be likely to reject it. So its all about the balance. The best cover letters explain why you are the right person for the job. Why youre interested in the job and makes a direct link between your specific skills and how they will apply to a future employment opportunity. Start by carefully reading the job description and evaluating the skills that they are required and match them with the skills of your own. Think about how youve use your skills in the past and discuss how you would apply them in your new position. A good idea is to think about how you use your skills and not just what your skills are essentially youre demonstrating to a potential employer that you have experience and that you know how to use your skills. First lets talk about what to leave off of your cover letter. Theres no need to include a lot of personal information although you want to show some of your personality. You dont necessarily need to share intimate details of your life. Do not mention the qualifications that you do not have. Rather focus on the Daniels that you do possess do not mention salary unless the company asks specifics about what your salary expectations are. And finally the cover letter is not an opportunity to ask more questions about the job position. Save that for the interview. Keep your letter to about two or three paragraphs and dont write too much. Make sure you are being very focused. If you do write too much it could have a negative effect and the hiring manager may not have time to read it. Remember detail your cover letter to each position you apply for. Make sure you always change the company and the name of the position at least in your cover letter and make sure that is geared toward the job description. There are a few things that each cover letter should include should include information about the job youre applying for how you heard about the job so you may want to mention if you have any contacts at the company why youre qualified for the job. What you can provide to the employer and then finally make sure you always provide a thank you for the company consider in application. Now lets move on to what you should include in your cover letter. Before you get started. I would highly recommend going online and doing a bit of searching around cover letter templates and cover letters that already exist. This will give you a good idea of what a cover letter looks l ike and how it is broken down into a variety of different paragraphs to begin here. Cover letter you will want to begin with a header. This will include both you and the potential employers information. So you want to include your name your address your phone number as well as your email address and then that will be followed by the date. Usually this will be on the left hand side of the page similar to a business letter. Youll then want to consider the salutation. Begin the cover letter with a salutation like Dr. Mr. Mrs. and then the persons last name. If you are unfamiliar with the gender of the person who will be doing the hiring you can just write their full name and if you dont know the employers name or the hiring managers name you can just write Dear hiring manager. This is a lot better than the generic and formal to whom this may concern begin with an introduction. Cath Anne: [00:07:55] Begin your introduction by stating what job youre applying for and where you heard about the job. Perhaps it was on career beacon or indeed dot com and youll also want to mention if you heard about the job from someone who already works there that is a great neck networking opportunity. Briefly mentioned your skills and how they match with the company. This will give the employer an opportunity to understand why you are writing the letter and why you might be a good fit. Essentially the idea with the introduction is that you want the hiring manager to keep reading so they can learn a little bit more about you in the body paragraph. Youll explain why youre interested in the job and the specific qualifications that you can bring to the table. Mention specifics and discuss how you have applied your skills in the past and you might even want to discuss a few different scenarios. Finally in the closing portion of your cover letter restate how your skills have made y ou a strong fit for this company and this position. If you have room you might want to discuss why you are interested in working for this particular company. However make sure you do not make your cover letter too long. It should not be longer than a page. So if some of this information is making it go longer than a page. Make sure you edit it and keep it limited to one page states that you would like the opportunity to follow up with them into it. In an interview or to discuss employment opportunities then you should always include a piece of follow up information. Cath Anne: [00:09:34] So whether you say Im going to call you in two weeks to follow up on this or suggest that you will be sending an e-mail to see where they are in the hiring process give a timeframe and follow through on it. Make sure that you then thank the employer for the consideration and for taking the time to look at your resume. Cath Anne: [00:09:55] Finally youll want to include a professional signature include a complimentary clothes and then sign your name. If it is a physical copy you can type your name and then sign underneath. This looks very professional. However if it is an email you can just type your name at the bottom end of the email and then include your contact information below. When you have finished writing your cover letter. Always always always remember to edit and proofread it. Make sure that there are no typos involved and you may even want to run it through a grammar checker. Always give a pair of second eyes like a friend or family member so that they can look through your cover letter and resume to make sure that you havent made any errors and that it flows the way you want it to. Cath Anne: [00:10:47] Remember you can always connect with us here at Homework Help Global. Wed be more than happy to give you some support around writing an excellent cover letter or just doing a bit of proofreading for you in some. Think of your strongest skills and how they apply to the job posting tailor each cover letter to each different job youre applying to show some character and personality but dont share too much information. Tell the hiring manager how your qualifications fit in with the job description. Be professional and confident. Cath Anne: [00:11:23] Okay thats it for me this week you guys. I hope this episode was of benefit as always if you have any questions jump in the comments down below. We always love to hear from you. If you do want to connect with us on any of our social media platforms or check out any of our other content Oliver information is in the description box below. If you enjoyed this video please give it a thumbs up and make sure to subscribe to our channel so you dont miss out on any of our other content. Okay thanks so much guys. Good luck applying for those jobs. All the best. Take care. Land the Job with an Effective Cover Letter EP 46: Land the Job with an Effective Cover Letter EP 46: Land the Job with an Effective Cover Letter You may wonder if you should write a cover letter for a job you are applying for. Maybe the job advertisement does not ask for a cover letter. Think of it this way, chances are, if you have to ask the question, ‘should I write a cover letter?’ The answer is yes! Join Cath Anne on Episode 46 of The Homework Help Show as she discusses how to write an effective cover letter. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and I am the weekly host of Homework Help Globals The Homework Help Show. Here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: [00:00:25] You may wonder if you should write a cover letter for a job that youre applying for. Maybe the job advertisement doesnt specifically request a cover letter. Think about it this way. Chances are if you have to ask Should I write a cover letter for this job. The answer is yes. The cover letter is the best way to show your employer or your future employer that you are the best candidate for the position. If you write a cover letter it may mean the difference between getting the job and having your resume relegated to the bottom of a pile of discarded resumes. It makes sense to create a standard resume and then kind of modify it for each different job that you are applying to. Last week on episode 45 we discussed a six step process that you can use to build your own resume. I would recommend that you check that out and then come back to this episode so that you can kind of have the resume and cover letter package you know. This week lets talk about everything you n eed to know about writing a cover letter. So what is a cover letter. It is important to know the purpose of a cover letter a cover letter is a one page letter that you sent along with your resume so that your employer or your future employer can get to know you a little bit in your cover letter you discuss your experiences and your skills and how they might tie in to your future job. In the letter you discuss why you are the most qualified person for the position that theyre hiring for. Do not repeat everything that is on your resume. Think about a cover letter as a chance to make a link between your specific skills and how they connect to the job that youll apply for. Think of your cover letter as a sales pitch that will help you get the interview. Remember a cover letter is a great way to make an excellent first impression. Employers often use cover letters to determine which candidates they will bring in for an interview and which ones they will pass. If the employer requires a c over letter they will list it on the application even if it is not listed. Consider including a cover letter this will show that you have put some extra effort into your application. So there are three different types of cover letters. The first type is the application letter which responds to a hiring advertisement. This is the one that you will use most commonly if youre applying to an open position with a company. The prospecting letter is the second type and this inquires about possible positions so you might use this in a situation where you are writing to a company to see if they have any work available. Finally there is a networking letter which requests information so that you can ease into your job search. So when you are applying for a job you will be using the application letter style. As I mentioned a cover letter should always compliment and not just replicate your resume. Cath Anne: [00:03:41] The cover letters purpose is to add a personal touch your application for employment again. Check out episode 45. For more on how to write your resume and then move on to this episode and write your cover letter a cover letter creates a critical first impression with a potential employer or even something like a small typo can have your application sent to the bottom of the pile. On the other hand if you write your cover letter perfectly without any typos at all but it lacks character and it makes no mention of the company the hiring manager will also be likely to reject it. So its all about the balance. The best cover letters explain why you are the right person for the job. Why youre interested in the job and makes a direct link between your specific skills and how they will apply to a future employment opportunity. Start by carefully reading the job description and evaluating the skills that they are required and match them with the skills of your own. Think about how youve use your skills in the past and discuss how you would apply them in your new position. A good idea is to think about how you use your skills and not just what your skills are essentially youre demonstrating to a potential employer that you have experience and that you know how to use your skills. First lets talk about what to leave off of your cover letter. Theres no need to include a lot of personal information although you want to show some of your personality. You dont necessarily need to share intimate details of your life. Do not mention the qualifications that you do not have. Rather focus on the Daniels that you do possess do not mention salary unless the company asks specifics about what your salary expectations are. And finally the cover letter is not an opportunity to ask more questions about the job position. Save that for the interview. Keep your letter to about two or three paragraphs and dont write too much. Make sure you are being very focused. If you do write too much it could have a negative effect and the hiring manager may not have time to read it. Remember detail your cover letter to each position you apply for. Make sure you always change the company and the name of the position at least in your cover letter and make sure that is geared toward the job description. There are a few things that each cover letter should include should include information about the job youre applying for how you heard about the job so you may want to mention if you have any contacts at the company why youre qualified for the job. What you can provide to the employer and then finally make sure you always provide a thank you for the company consider in application. Now lets move on to what you should include in your cover letter. Before you get started. I would highly recommend going online and doing a bit of searching around cover letter templates and cover letters that already exist. This will give you a good idea of what a cover letter looks l ike and how it is broken down into a variety of different paragraphs to begin here. Cover letter you will want to begin with a header. This will include both you and the potential employers information. So you want to include your name your address your phone number as well as your email address and then that will be followed by the date. Usually this will be on the left hand side of the page similar to a business letter. Youll then want to consider the salutation. Begin the cover letter with a salutation like Dr. Mr. Mrs. and then the persons last name. If you are unfamiliar with the gender of the person who will be doing the hiring you can just write their full name and if you dont know the employers name or the hiring managers name you can just write Dear hiring manager. This is a lot better than the generic and formal to whom this may concern begin with an introduction. Cath Anne: [00:07:55] Begin your introduction by stating what job youre applying for and where you heard about the job. Perhaps it was on career beacon or indeed dot com and youll also want to mention if you heard about the job from someone who already works there that is a great neck networking opportunity. Briefly mentioned your skills and how they match with the company. This will give the employer an opportunity to understand why you are writing the letter and why you might be a good fit. Essentially the idea with the introduction is that you want the hiring manager to keep reading so they can learn a little bit more about you in the body paragraph. Youll explain why youre interested in the job and the specific qualifications that you can bring to the table. Mention specifics and discuss how you have applied your skills in the past and you might even want to discuss a few different scenarios. Finally in the closing portion of your cover letter restate how your skills have made y ou a strong fit for this company and this position. If you have room you might want to discuss why you are interested in working for this particular company. However make sure you do not make your cover letter too long. It should not be longer than a page. So if some of this information is making it go longer than a page. Make sure you edit it and keep it limited to one page states that you would like the opportunity to follow up with them into it. In an interview or to discuss employment opportunities then you should always include a piece of follow up information. Cath Anne: [00:09:34] So whether you say Im going to call you in two weeks to follow up on this or suggest that you will be sending an e-mail to see where they are in the hiring process give a timeframe and follow through on it. Make sure that you then thank the employer for the consideration and for taking the time to look at your resume. Cath Anne: [00:09:55] Finally youll want to include a professional signature include a complimentary clothes and then sign your name. If it is a physical copy you can type your name and then sign underneath. This looks very professional. However if it is an email you can just type your name at the bottom end of the email and then include your contact information below. When you have finished writing your cover letter. Always always always remember to edit and proofread it. Make sure that there are no typos involved and you may even want to run it through a grammar checker. Always give a pair of second eyes like a friend or family member so that they can look through your cover letter and resume to make sure that you havent made any errors and that it flows the way you want it to. Cath Anne: [00:10:47] Remember you can always connect with us here at Homework Help Global. Wed be more than happy to give you some support around writing an excellent cover letter or just doing a bit of proofreading for you in some. Think of your strongest skills and how they apply to the job posting tailor each cover letter to each different job youre applying to show some character and personality but dont share too much information. Tell the hiring manager how your qualifications fit in with the job description. Be professional and confident. Cath Anne: [00:11:23] Okay thats it for me this week you guys. I hope this episode was of benefit as always if you have any questions jump in the comments down below. We always love to hear from you. If you do want to connect with us on any of our social media platforms or check out any of our other content Oliver information is in the description box below. If you enjoyed this video please give it a thumbs up and make sure to subscribe to our channel so you dont miss out on any of our other content. Okay thanks so much guys. Good luck applying for those jobs. All the best. Take care.

Business Plan For A Business - 1276 Words

A business plan is sometimes ignored by some people, but I think it is important to develop a good business plan. I think this should be an interesting topic to discuss about. Yesterday, I receive a phone call from a new client asking for help to build a business plan for his new business. My role in this part as a business consultant is to not blindly do the work for my client but asking them questions to generate information about his ideas, and level of involvement to better help him build his own plan. If a client can understand the importance of a business plan and how it works, he is already half way to succeed. It is also crucial to let the client who knows the best about his business and products presents his ideas and thoughts in the business description and product analysis. My ultimate goal is to help the customers through the process of analyzing the industry, market, products, and financial issues to learn where he stands now comparing to his competitors. However, I also need to inform the client that it is easy to plan, but the success or failure of a business and product depends on many other factors rather than just a business plan itself. A good business plan is a good start, failure or success is the matter of how the market responds to our products and how quickly can we revise our plan to fit with the fast changing market taste. In the email below, I wrote to my client and gave him an outline to instruct him the process and how to best approach eachShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A Business1223 Words   |  5 Pagesyour own business is to prepare a business plan. A business plan is a written document describing your business future. It tells potential investors and customers what your goals are for the company and how you plan to achieve that. You will need to define your business, products and services, operating procedures and the route your company intends to take to achieve the goals that are set forth. This information summarizes the sense of your business in a single document. Business plans are inherentlyRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business998 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Prior to initiating a business, it is necessary for the management and the people involved to make sure that a proper business plan is set out in order to understand the needs of the business. In addition to this, it should also be made sure that the market is properly analysed and all the competitors are studied before taking any step related to the new business. Every business has different needs and is initiated in a different scenario. The business plan under evaluation in this paperRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business840 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Business plans are statement of a business goals, reason they are attainable and plans on meeting it’ (FoxBuisness, 2013). A business plan maps the course and gives a detail plan on how these goals are achievable. It is also important to establish a solid business plan for funding. Some small business use venture capital, bank loans, personal funds, and private investors as sources of funding. The business plan must therefore , sell investors. A well-written convincing business plan can buy investorsRead MoreAn Business Plan For A Business Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagescelebration. This business sells games and other entertainment products. This business is commercial, but has a social conscience. It wants to sell to service a need, but also hopes to enrich the lives of those it serves as it addresses a need for meaning, not just connection or celebration. This business produces original IP to compete in the entertainment industry. This business will not produce entertainment that is divisive or for purely solitary consumption. This business might start withRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbrand-new business, expand an existing company, or get financing for a business venture, you will need to write a business plan. A business plan not only lends your business a sense of credibility, but also helps you to cover all your bases, increasing your chances of success. Although writing a business plan can be a lengthy, intimidating project, it is not necessarily difficult. Here is an overview of how to write a successful business plan. What to Include in Your Business Plan Your businessRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1546 Words   |  7 Pagesenterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative or risk†. They are usually characterized as people with greatly valued self-reliance, with high optimism and people who who strive for distinction through excellence. I am interested in starting my own basketball business and becoming an entrepreneur. In order to start a business I need a business plan. From research, I have learned that my business plan needs to have an executive summary, identification of my business, financial recordsRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1221 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness plans are documents used for planning out specific details about your business. They can range in size from a simple few sentences to more than 100 pages with formal sections, a table of contents and a title page. According to Entrepreneur Magazine, typical business plans average 15 to 20 pages. Comprehensive business plans ha ve three sections business concept, marketplace and financial and these are broken down into seven components that include the overview or summary of the plan, a descriptionRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business2550 Words   |  11 PagesActivities 1. Review current menu in terms of business focus 2. Get staff feedback 3. Get customer feedback 4. Point out restaurant goals and business 5. Write menu redesigning proposal 6. Get restaurant owners approval 7. Initiate stake holder support 8. Get stake holders approval and contribution 9. Redesign new menu 10. Trail with restaurant stake holders 11. Modify the trail menu 12. Mass print the modified RESOURCES 1. Restaurant business plan, current menu, current and historical sales reportRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1866 Words   |  8 Pages Business Plan Buiness model in theory and practice according to Wikipedia is used for a broad range of informal and forma l descriptions to represent the core aspects of a business, including the purposes of that business, its process, target customers, of ferings, strategies , infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practice, and operational processes and policies . Below, we would look at two kinds of business model (franchise and tradition al business) , their pros and cons, o r theirRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business2550 Words   |  11 PagesActivities 1. Review current menu in terms of business focus 2. Get staff feedback 3. Get customer feedback 4. Point out restaurant goals and business 5. Write menu redesigning proposal 6. Get restaurant owners approval 7. Initiate stake holder support 8. Get stake holders approval and contribution 9. Redesign new menu 10. Trail with restaurant stake holders 11. Modify the trail menu 12. Mass print the modified RESOURCES 1. Restaurant business plan, current menu, current and historical sales report

What is Strategy And Why Is It So Challenging For Organisations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1783 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? What is strategy, and why is it so challenging for organisations? Introduction: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s [A1]a one word but it have a whole language in it. Strategy can be describe in its best meaning that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the way of Art and Science of Planning And marshalling [A2]the resources for their most affective an offensive use to bring about a desired future. Strategy is the way through which an organization can move from one milestone to other in pursuit of the overall goals. Without Strategy a company can be like a person without its nervous system so if an Organization wants to move in a race with other companies they have to make solid strategies for their organization. The term Strategy is derived from the Greek à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  meaning a general set of man oeuvres carried out to overcome an enemy. Strategy mostly involves to Set goals determine the actions to achieve goals and mobilizing resources to execute the actions. The main them of strategy is how the end goal will be achiev ed through the mean (Resources). There three main components of any strategy (Petros DeSimone, 2010). 1) Diagnosis 2) Guiding Policy: That will define how to deal with those challenges 3) Action Plans: Its Designed to carry out the guiding policy Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Strategy And Why Is It So Challenging For Organisations?" essay for you Create order Diagnosis: This step is basic Component for any strategy planner though this the worker of an organization get able know which kind of challenge is this it will and it will explain whole scenario of challenge to the worker of an organization (Petros DeSimone, 2010). Guiding Policy: As a worker of an organization get Diagnosis of a challenge to its organization then a guiding policy will be needed which will define how to deal with that challenge which they are facing? Action plan: After Guiding policy the worker needs an Action Plans which is designed to carry out that guiding policy Beside these three basic components strategy involves two major processes which are 1) Formulating Strategy 2) Implementing Strategy (Petros DeSimone, 2010). Formulating strategy: This step basically depends upon the components of strategy. Formulation involves analyzing the environment or situation, making diagnosis and developing the guiding policy. Implementing Strategy: Implementation refers to the action plans taken to achieve goals which are established by the guiding policy. [A3] Why strategy is so challenging for organizations? To run a business or organization strategies are needed without that organization or a company canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t reach to our desired goal[A4]. Strategies are like a soul for organizations, because with time they have to face tough challenges and to complete those challenges strategies plays important role.[A5] With time to time the board of director change their strategies because of Competitor which are in market and need to un ique strategy through which they can produce the result in order to maintain the fruitful result in a reliability of specific organization (Goldhirsch, et, all, 2011). Here are some points which strategy makers thinks before making strategy and this indicates why Strategies are so challenging for an organizations Strategy Formulation and Implementation: Strategy formulation and implementation areseparate,[A6] distinguishable parts of the strategic management process of business. Logically, implementation follows formulation; one cannot implement something until that something exists (Donnelly, et, all, 2009). Without formulation and implementation the business cannot give the fruit which organization desires. Formulation and implementation is like a two legs of strategy which able to move it on their way Execution takes time: The successful implementation of strategy takes more time than its formulation. This can challenge managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attention to execution detai ls. The longer time frame can also detract from managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attention to strategic goals (Donnelly, et, all, 2009). Controls must be set to provide feedback and keep management abreast of external à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shocksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and changes. The process of execution must be dynamic and adaptive, responding to unanticipated events. This imperative challenges managers responsible for execution. Understanding uncertainties and risks: In business the board of director has to think on the answer of the question that: how did we get here?Answering this question is a more difficult for deciding what policies and actions will push future performance in the desired direction.And while moving in that direction the directors have to think about the risks and uncertainties in business and for limiting and low down effect of that risks they have to make best strategy because if that strategy fails on that risks their company will not able to stand in market as they were before (Jansen Janssen, 2010). Assessing and selecting among options: The goal is to select now, without perfect information, the strongest set of actions that will move the business towards its goals. Here it is important to consider not only the potential à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bottom lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ benefits, but also the each of option under uncertain future conditions and the relative difficulty and time required for implementation (Jansen Janssen, 2010). Customer Retention: IF an organization doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have an effective business strategy for costumer they will lose the customers easily and for that organization needs Develop a program for following up on customers, and for staying in touch with repeat customers to make sure your products are working properly. Organization has tried to find new ways to help the customer with your product. When customers call in with problems, there needs to be an established and efficient customer service strategy in place to reduce customer stress (MandiÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, Basili, Har jumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). Customer follow-up procedures and efficient customer service programs are essential to customer retention and sales revenue. Clarity in Direction of Activities: Strategies focus on direction of activities by specifying what activities are to be undertaken for achieving organizational objectives (MandiÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). They make the organizational objectives more clear and specific. For example, a business organization may define its objective as profit earning or a non-business organization may define its objective as social objective. strategies will provide how profit objective can be sharply defined in terms of how much profits is to be earned and what resources Of how much profit is to be earned and what resources will be required for that. When objectives are spelled out in these terms, they provide clear direction to per-sons in the organization responsible for implementi ng various courses of action. Most people perform better if they know clearly what they are expected to do and where their organization is going (MandiÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). Organizational Management: Management of any organization is playing a pivotal role in order to maintain strategy and the business on the zenith. This is the management which makes all success possible, through assurance of team work. This is the management which make the company out from the peril and which safe the company from any difficult situation. The role of management is much more authentic and much more systematic which includes the system much provide the way to accomplished the given tasks by higher authorities. This is the reason through which staffs are organized and all works are managed (MandiÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). Feasibility Study: Feasibility study is most essential in order to maintain the work of the firm and for strategy planning. Through this feasibility process management of our firm must be active to know that what is actual amount which is use to initiate any business or to maintain any firm. Feasibility study is the keen interest of the person which effectively works in order to maintain the system more actively and more systematically (MandiÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). The feasibility study tells our organization that how much budget we have to initiate any project in UAE or to maintain it into the sustainability and harmonizing it. Competitor Analysis: The competitor analysis is the techniques which must be known by the manager or higher authoritiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ officials to maintain the status of their company into peak. This is the analysis in which a manager forecasting the capabilities and future position of his own firm and compare it with other firm. After getting result he engages to work more for the sake of maintenance of his firm. In UAE the competition in business is getting increase day by day (MandiÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). We must have to maintain the marketing and apply different techniques in order to beat the market value of our client. It also considering of following and take out the anti ways to beat the competition of your competition. We have to promotes our policies and provide the best results with best deals of facilitates to attract the more clients (MandiÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, Basili, Harjumaa, Oivo Markkula, 2010, September). [A7] Co nclusion: To be on successive path organization or company should have to think about what best strategy they would make so they can stand in market and beat their competitors in marketing line. Without strategies company will not able to stand a day and if the directors of organizations want fruitful organization then they have to make first pillar first which is Strategy. References: Donnelly, J. E., Blair, S. N., Jakicic, J. M., Manore, M. M., Rankin, J. W., Smith, B. K. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults.Medicine and science in sports and exercise,41(2), 459-471. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/19127177[A8] Goldhirsch, A. 2., Wood, W. C., Coates, A. S., Gelber, R. D., ThÃÆ' ¼rlimann, B., Senn, H. J. (2011). Strategies for subtypesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ dealing with the diversity of breast cancer: highlights of the S t Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2011.Annals of oncology, mdr304. Retrieved from https://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/06/27/annonc.mdr304.short[A9] Jansen, F., Janssen, D. (2010). Effects of positive politeness strategies in business letters.Journal of pragmatics,42(9), 2531-2548 retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216610000627 MandiÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, V., Basili, V., Harjumaa, L., Oivo, M., Markkula, J. (2010, September). Utilizing GQM+ Strategies for business value analysis: An approach for evaluating business goals. InProceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement(p. 20). ACM. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1852813 Petros, R. A., DeSimone, J. M. (2010). Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications.Nature Reviews Drug Discovery,9(8), 615-627. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v9/n8/abs/nrd2591.html[A10] [A1]Weak Start [A2]And should have been smaller [A3]Could have elaborayed [A4]Our desired goal, means? [A5]Weak sentence [A6]Why it is italics? [A7]Kindly arrange the document so as to relate to the topic and present strong arguments. [A8]Irrelevant reference [A9]Irrelevant reference [A10]All references are utter nonsense, nothing is relevant

Mission Command Analysis of Helmuth Johannes Ludwig Von...

â€Å"One either lets me do as I want or one gives me concrete orders,† General Donrad Krafft von Dellmensingen, German Sixth Army Chief of Staff responsed when it was suggested he suspend offensive employment of his army. The First Battle of the Marne, also classified as the most, â€Å"significant land battle of the twentieth century,† impresses one for its scale, decisiveness, and devastating use of rapid small arms fire, machine guns, hand grenades, and artillery. From 5 through 11 September, Germany and France each fielded over 2 million men (British 130,000) between Paris and Verdun. The most modern military technology to date was brought to bear by both sides to terrible effect. During the month of August, each country suffered†¦show more content†¦It was to be â€Å"a lightning forty-day wheel through Belgium and northern France ending in a victorious entry march into Paris, followed by a redeployment of German armies to the east to halt the Russian steamroller.† Germany began the war on 3 August occupying the whole of France’s eastern border from Switzerland up to Luxembourg with Seventh, Sixth, Fifth, and Fourth armies. Third Army then proceeded to occupy L uxembourg, without resistance, before fighting through Belgium’s extensive fortifications beginning on 6 August and culminating on 16 August with the fall of Lià ¨ge, Belgium’s most significant fortification. Afterwards, the German Army began to push First and Second armies, which combined made up over two-thirds of Germany’s Western forces, into northern France. Refer to Figure 1, Map of the First Battle of the Marne, 1914. First and Second armies formed the spoke of the wheel, while the hub was created by the Third and Fourth armies. This left Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh armies to hold the line against the aggressive French Plan XVII. Plan XVII called for a French frontal attack at Alsace-Lorraine with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) protecting the left flank. From 14 to 31 August, over eight battles raged between German and French soldiers with the Germans gaining ground and forcing the Entente powers to retreat back towards Paris, ending French Plan XVII. French Army Chief of Staff, Joseph Joffre, called an orderly retreat and restructured his

Management Accounting of Amcor Ltd Samples for Students †MyAssignment

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting of Amcor Limited. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of the assignment is to analyze a case study on Amcor Limited as the company deals in packaging materials. Amcor Limited is one of the leaders in multinational packaging company that is headquartered in Australia as well as listed in Australian Stock Exchange (Amcor.com. 2017). The company offers packaging solutions through use of flexible and rigid plastics packaging with getting highest quality. Rigid Plastics and Flexibles are the significant packaging broad lines. In addition, the company even manufacturers PET bottles and hard plastic containers. This company is a global packaging leader where the company aims at attaining social responsibility as well as conducting long-term strategy in an effective way. The study highlights the operational aspects of Amcor Limited and its connection with the case study for the company where they had been allegated for several reasons. This study explains the balanced scorecard approach that has four main dimensions from the pe rspective of customer, financial, internal and learning growth. The other approach that was used in the current study is strategy map approach that is an extension of balanced scorecard approach presented in a diagrammatic format (Simons 2013). Case study on Amcor Limited This particular case analysis has been taken from The Sydney Morning Herald where the title of the case is No compensation for Amcor in court case (Butler 2017). The case was related to employment issues that was prevailing in the company named as Amcor Limited. The company receives no compensation as they were caught for breach of duty by the Senior Executives. Here, the Senior Executives of Amcor Limited were accused that they had secretly purchased tow business that mainly belongs to the packaging giant. For this case, it is declared by the Victorian Supreme Court that the company fails to reveal the case as they were caught with the breach of duty performed by the executives as it involve cardboard box. This had eventually damaged the working of Amcor Limited. Trevor Barnes and Craig Holihan , the two Executives of Amcor Limited was accused for the reason as they paid the packaging company half of the profits that was reaped from one of the trade. Proper judgment and evaluation h as been conducted that made it clear that an end long-running litigation had been evolved where the Executives of Amcor Limited involved in running up legal bills where the financial estimations is more than millions of dollars. In addition, Mr. Hodgson had sued Amcor Limited where Executives looks after the company that makes the purchase of two businesses from the knocked down prices from the year 2000. It is important to consider the fact that Executives of Amcor Limited were accused that the company were hiding the interests as it manifested with incompatibility and lack employee relationship in a given serious dimension. Therefore, it was taken into account that the Executives of Amcor Limited was found using the improper information that is generated from the employees of Amcor Limited and the case will again return to court on April 2016 for a directions hearing (Rothaermel 2015). Long-term objectives, key stakeholders and competitors of Amcor Limited Long-term goals or objectives of Amcor Limited Amcor Limited is the leader in the packaging manufacturing sector and need further improvement so that the company can retain its position in the long-run. To retain the position, Amcor Limited had served the major key areas where they aim at achieving the long-term goal as well as objectives so that employees can work in a sustainable workplace. The five main long-term objectives or goals for Amcor Limited are as follows: The first key areas in the long-term objectives that need to be attained by Amcor Limited are Environment where they implement proper environmental management systems and enhancing over the environmental performance. In that case, the company aims at setting proper regulatory measures that will work together over EnviroAction targets (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The second key areas in the long-term objectives that need to be attained by Amcor Limited are Community where they aim at conducting open and constructive dialogue in and against local community. In that case, the company mainly aims at supporting the local community projects and utilizing packaging expertise that identifies the social and environmental requirements (Eden and Ackermann 2013). The third key areas in the long-term objectives that need to be attained by Amcor Limited are Workplace where they work together for maintaining safe workplace and understanding the need of co-workers. The company works together for maintaining diverse workplace as well as rendering equal opportunity to all the co-workers. The forth key areas in the long-term objectives that need to be attained by Amcor Limited are marketplace where the company aims at utilizing life cycle assessment capabilities as it provides customer responsible packaging and supports sustainability objectives of the clientele. In that case, the company aims at promoting the role and benefits of responsible packaging. The fifth key areas in the long-term objectives that need to be attained by Amcor Limited are economy were the company works together for demonstrating good governance, sensible risk taking and business continuity management at the same time. Identification of key stakeholders of Amcor Limited Key Stakeholders of Amcor Limited Investors Co-workers Industry Bodies and government Media Suppliers Customers Supplies of capital Competitors of Amcor Limited Competitors of Amcor Limited Georgia-Pacific LLC Silgan Holdings Inc Balanced Scorecard of Amcor Limited Perspectives Objectives Performance Measures Initiatives Lag Lead Financial Perspective Enhanced value of shareholders Revenue Growth Sales Mix Expansion in the diversified product business units in both activities such as packaging and materials Low-cost operation Production process cost Production and operation expenses Use of new techniques and materials for attainment of production optimization Driving growth in the emerging market Market Diversification Growth in sales Expansion in the market in countries like Brazil and South Africa. Customer Perspective Expansion in the customer base Market Share Number of new customers Differentiated range of products Positive impact on the community and society Environmental collision of packaging Number of sustainable packaged produced Responsible packaging Industry leading customer loyalty Customer Retention Number of retained customers and on-time delivery rate Market Leadership by acquiring expertise and rigid plastics packaging (Barney and Hesterly 2015) Internal Business Perspective Customer Intimacy strategy Previous packaging products Customer support systems High standard and quality management within the stipulated time Operational Excellence Strategy Improved speed in the market Customer interaction Supply chain optimization Product Leadership Strategy Innovation and new product development CRM (customer relationship management) systems Decreased in the operational cost and cycle time Learning and Growth Perspective Organization capital Culture Leadership Alignment as well as teamwork Information capital Systems Databases Networks Human capital Skills Training Knowledge Critical analysis on how to use balanced scorecard and strategy map that will help Senior Management of Amcor Limited It is argued in the study that use of balanced scorecard and strategy map will provide guidance to the Senior Management Team of Amcor Limited so that they can easily monitor or look at the corporate and divisional level of performance. This will directly help in motivating the staff members of Amcor Limited as balanced scorecard and strategy map are significant tools for sustainability improvement in the most appropriate way (Bettis et al. 2014). Conclusion From the above analysis, proper explanation is given on the background of the company named as Amcor Limited. The information is extracted from the annual report of Amcor Limited and news article take from The Sydney Morning Herald. The study presents the approach such as balanced scorecard and strategy map in a diagrammatic approach that clearly defines the lag indicators and lead indicators. References Amcor.com. 2017.Amcor - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.amcor.com [Accessed 18 May 2017]. Barney, J.B. and Hesterly, W., 2015.Strategic management and competitive advantage concepts and cases. Pearson. Bettis, R., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2014. Quantitative empirical analysis in strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,35(7), pp.949-953. Butler, B. 2017.No compensation for Amcor in court case. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/no-compensation-for-amcor-in-court-case-20120320-1vgv4.html [Accessed 18 May 2017]. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013.Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Simons, R., 2013.Performance Measurement and Control Systems for Implementing Strategy Text and Cases: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Higher Ed.

Misinformation in foreign policy

Propaganda has always been used by administrations from the earlier regimes to the most recent governments as a tool to assist them in attaining footholds as pertaining to their interests in foreign countries. This paper aims to support the fact that regimes use misinformation to progress their interests in foreign policy by aggravating protests from their citizens.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Misinformation in foreign policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diverse opinions have been broached on the issue of change of foreign policy. One such view is proffered by McCormick (2009) who states that foreign policy practices have been changed dramatically since the terror attack on 9/11. He depicts several aspects that manipulate the materialization of the alterations within and outside the government and civilians spheres While exposing the media’s part in bringing about changes in foreign policy, he also provides more information on the way that particular aspects swayed resolutions formulated on foreign policy via alteration of communal thinking and principles of people. This information provides an unusual debate on foreign policy and its procedure. Spanier and Hook expose the culture of the U.S leadership. Not only do they dwell on the background of the supremacy and the procedure of policy formulation, they also attempt to expose the contemporary administrations mode of management applications. From the rule of George Bush to the present Obama’s administration, numerous topics founded on headship of America from WW II form the chapters of their book. The readers acquire an unambiguous depiction of the alterations occurring within foreign policy from the 1940’s since the writers have endeavored to associate the diverse leadership’s application of foreign policy. The book touches on several issues, majorly on co-relations of developing nations and the East, w ith the U.S. Other relevant aspects include the partaking of the U.S in the battles in Iraq and Afghanistan. Reports from the media and journalists generally, are also conferred by the writers on a few of the consequences of the battles. Spanier and Hook (2009) further elucidate that the latest financial catastrophe is a particular area whose consequences impacted worldwide, as well as it continually manipulates the type of foreign policy (Spanier Hook, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Ungar (2005), political pressure forced employees of Voice of America (VOA), an independent international radio broadcasting operation, to discuss constructive aspects about the Iraq war and President Bush’s decision to go to war. Particulars about the way the State Department took up the VOA and commanded certain sequences of events broadcasted to give a good pi cture of the Iraq battle and the president were revealed in the editorial. The article basically delineates how misinformation through the media may be used as a tool of trade for governments by agitating international and communal views. The media also abetted in animating communal support for the presidential foreign policy after 9/11. Ungar states that this brought about a â€Å"hawkish foreign policy† According to Raiz (2010), the role of news media in a democratic society relates to how mass media is flourishing all over the world and has become a vital part of how our minds are shaped concerning our society. In relation to the media, egalitarianism has progressed worldwide. Some countries are more technologically challenged than others. This is a global world we live in today and in some far off areas the information revolution, the mass media has become a vital part of the social system (Raiz, 2010). Due to the interconnection between egalitarianism and media it is vit al to understand the issues on politics that we encounter. The relevance is because we live in a democratic society, in order for an individual to make a critical decision regarding the government and politics one must be well informed on how things are operated politically in the world. (Raiz, 2010) In yet another aspect, Greenwald (2010) was concerned that â€Å"the difficulty each person faces in believing that the media hinders our idea of politics is that we have built up our own resistance to understanding the political world as artificially limited† (p. 827-838).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Misinformation in foreign policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He further stated that we are able to talk about the political propaganda which causes manipulation concerning the political opinions as long as it affects others and not us personally (Greenwald 2010, p. 827). Manipulation into trusting false hoods of the opinionated world about us is a reality, yet a difficult aspect to face. From the onset of 9/11, the relationship between the media and the state has rapidly declined especially between news groups, the U.S and its war associates in the battle against terrorism and has called for the re-evaluation of on-hand hypothetical structure that elucidates the relations between the media and the state. After summarizing the hypothetical structure historically, Ãâ€"ztà ¼rk (2009) analyzes the impact of the post-September 11 events on the freedom of expression and press freedom to introduce the changing and deteriorating environment for the press-state relations since then. The power politics applied widely by states domestically and internationally in the post-9/11 world have caused serious violations of the freedom of expression in general, these therefore resulted setbacks and deteriorations in press freedom in particular (Ãâ€"ztà ¼rk 2009 p. 42). It may be concluded that mo dern approaches and hypothesis that may elucidate the relations between the media and state are called for by this modern situation. For a very long time, the tradition of hegemony which states that the president is allowed unequalled power to run views and information in times of battle has been predominant in political communiquà © writing. Patrick and Thrall (2007), observed that, we believe that classical propaganda theory provides a useful corrective to the hegemonic perspective and offers a better way to understand the Bush administration’s propaganda strategy and its impact on public opinion (Patrick Thrall 2007). They summed up by stating that the president did not conform to the hegemonic rules as envisaged.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Judis (2011), certain media institutions, at the behest of stakeholders, moved away from disinterestedness in reporting, to using propaganda to promote conservative and liberal change. Philosophies of the Republicans are majorly underscored here. The author shows how present regimes utilize the propaganda generated by the media to stir the public. Judis also highlights a plan to attain matched access to the media and the outcome. References Greenwald, G. (2010). Limiting Democracy. The American Media’s World View, and  Ours, 77(3), 827-838. Judis, J. B. (2011). Neutralized. New Republic, 242(6), 16-18. McCormick, J. (2009). American foreign policy and process. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Ãâ€"ztà ¼rk, A. (2009). International Politics and the Media: The Case of the Press/Media in the War on Terror. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 8(3), 42-72. Patrick, B. A., Thrall, A. (2007). Beyond Hegemony: Classical Propaganda Theory and Presid ential Communication Strategy after the Invasion of Iraq. Mass Communication Society, 10(1), 95-118. doi: 10.1080/15205430701229808 Raiz, S. (2010). FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 89-98. Spanier, J. and Hook, S. (2009). American foreign policy since World War II. Washington: CQ Press Ungar, S. J. (2005). Pitch Imperfect. Foreign Affairs, 84(3), 7. This essay on Misinformation in foreign policy was written and submitted by user Ronan Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Literature and History in Times of War Essays

Literature and History in Times of War Essays Literature and History in Times of War Essay Literature and History in Times of War Essay Essay Topic: The Things They Carried Elements of war, such as violence, blood, and death are not things that all people are able to sink in their heads without puking or feeling dazed. The brutality of people involved in war, on either side, is extravagant in horrendous ways because of the mass destruction on either side. The loss of innocence of young soldiers and civilians was intense, with nearly every single one of them being involved in war crimes or violence in general. â€Å"The Things They Carried† by Tim O’Brien gives its audience great examples of war while â€Å"The Secret Lion† by Alberto Alvaro Rios provides a good example of the loss of innocence that history conveys. Historical events like The Great War and World War II are filled with bloody massacres and crimes against humanity. According to military historian, John Keegan â€Å"It is assumed to be an orderly affair in which states are involved, in which there are declared beginnings and expected ends, easily identifiable combatants, and high levels of obedience by subordinates,† proving the actuality of war and how it is supposed to be run. War is a subject in history individual feel strongly for or against, but do not usually understand war in every single element.With that said, not all of history includes blood, violence, and gore, but all of it includes emotion and morality. O’Brien’s description of the burdens that soldiers carried, ranging from â€Å"P-38 can openers, pocket knives, heat tabs, wristwatches, dog tags, mosquito repellent, chewing gum, candy, cigarettes,† (430) all the way to â€Å"The carried all the emotional baggage of men who might die,â₠¬  (439) provides a true example of the heavy mental and physical weight of war, allowing readers to understand the prospect and nature of war in history, and the brutality it brings out in even the best people. Aspects of â€Å"The Things They Carried† introduce humanity’s greatest weaknesses in times of war. Weaknesses that everyone possesses

Gulf Oil Spill Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Aseptic Technique And Cell Counting Biology Essay

Aseptic Technique And Cell Counting Biology Essay Introduction to Aseptic techniques In microbiological and biochemical engineering studies, one almost always deals with a pure culture or a mixture of known cultures, except perhaps in waste water treatment studies. Unless aseptic culture techniques are followed strictly, an originally pure culture will definitely become contaminated with other unwanted species. The use of a contaminated culture with unknown microorganisms will only lead to incredible results that are of little value. Thus, isolation and maintenance of a pure culture is of utmost importance in many microbiological studies. It is especially important to work with a well-characterised strain if the microorganism is used for a food preparation, as well as in antibiotic production where the product is to be taken internally. The need for a clean working environment in biological engineering studies is a must and cleanliness is the prerequisite for any meaningful work. The environment we live in is full of microorganisms capable of surviving in any condition. When working with microorganisms it is desirable to work with a pure culture. A pure culture is composed of only one kind of microorganism. Occasionally a mixed culture is used. In a mixed culture there are two or more organisms that have distinct characteristics and can be separated easily. In either situation the organisms can be identified. When unwanted organisms are introduced into the culture they are known as contaminants. Aseptic technique is a method that prevents the introduction of unwanted organisms into an environment. An example of using aseptic techniques is when growing bacteria; aseptic techniques are carried out to prevent the contamination of the culture. When working with microbial cultures aseptic technique is used to prevent introducing additional organisms into the culture. Microorganisms are everywhere in the environment. When dealing with microbial cultures it is necessary to handle them in such a way that environmental organisms do not get introduced into the culture. Microorganisms may be found on surfaces and floating in air currents. They may fall from objects suspended over a culture or swim in fluids. Aseptic technique prevents environmental organisms from entering a culture. Doors and windows are kept closed in the laboratory to prevent air currents which may cause microorganisms from surfaces to become airborne. Once these microbes are airborne they are more likely to get into cultures. Agar plates are held in a manner that minimizes the exposure of the surface to the environment. When removing lids from tubes, lids are held in the hand and not placed on the countertop during the transfer of materials from one tube to another. Introduction and aims of this report This report was based on two lab sessions; the reason for undertaking two lab sessions was to allow time for the culture to grow. In these sessions the objective was to learn basic aseptic techniques that are required in a lab, and also to learn how to count cells effectively using different methods. Another thing which was trying to be achieved was to be able to grow a colony of bacteria from a single cell by doing streak plating and serial dilution. Overview of practices and uses of aseptic techniques The laboratory session involved learning about the aseptic techniques. These aseptic techniques are important in a lab because they help keep the lab sterile, and sterility is vital in a lab because it allows the scientist to study and grow the bacteria they require accurately. Sterility is also important in preventing bacteria that are not required from replicating and growing on the sterile growth medium or the agar plate. There were a few aseptic techniques we had to follow while working with bacterias and sterile growth medium. To prevent the growth medium from being contaminated by air bore bacteria and other free floating matter, a Bunsen burner was set up near where the growth medium and bacteria samples were to be used. The Bunsen burner created a convection current that killed and destroyed most of the air borne bacteria and other free floating matter near the work station. This reduced the chance of the growth medium and bacteria samples from being contaminated. The Bunsen burner was also set up to allow the use of another technique called flaming. This technique involves passing through the flame of the burner anything that has come in to contact of any bacteria or anything that is about to come in to contact of the bacteria sample. The items that are flamed are lab equipment such as bacteriological loops, glass pipette and bottle or flask necks. The items must reach a temperature of over 100 oC for it to be sterilized. Another aseptic technique is called manipulation. In this technique the smallest finger is used to remove the lid of the bottle containing the bacteria; this allows the rest of the fingers to pick up anything else that is required. This technique also ensures the lid of the bottle is not placed down onto the bench where it is liable to contamination and thus contaminating the culture of bacteria in the bottle. The last but the most important aseptic technique is who someone prevents bacteria from themselves contaminating the lab and the equipment. Every person carries a large amount of bacteria inside and the outside of the body. When working with bacteria in a lab, we had to wearing a lab coat, this prevent bacteria from our clothes and bodies spreading out in the lab. Also we had to be careful that we dont cough or sneeze on the growth medium, as this would lead to the growth of the bacteria released by the body. Also after performing the experiment it was vital that hands were washed with antibacterial soap to help prevent cross contamination. If hands are not washed correctly and if bacteria are still left on hands they are able to multiply at an exponential rate and can cause bacterial infections. The first part of the experiment was to see the different variation and amount of bacteria on hands pre wash and after wash. This was done by placing the fingers in a Petri dish with nutrient agar. Nutrient agar is a microbiological growth medium commonly used for the routine cultivation of bacteria. The dish was separated in two and was labelled with one side of dish having prints from pre washed fingers and the other side after wash. The dish was then placed into incubation at 37 degrees as it is the optimum temperature where bacteria are able to multiply at an exponential rate depending on some factors an example being the amount of food available or space. The next part of the experiment consisted of doing a streak plate. This was done using the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Small sample of the bacteria SA was taken and put on a on a sterile loop and streak an agar medium. An example of the streak plate which was carried out is shown on the diagram below: Diagram to show procedure of streak plating    1.   Flame the loop and wire and streak a loopful of broth as at A in the diagram.    2.   Reflame the loop and cool it.    3.   Streak as at B to spread the original bacteria over more of the agar.    4.   Reflame the loop and cool it.    5.   Streak as at C, D E and F following same procedure after each streak as quoted above.    6.   Label the plate and incubate it inverted. The next part of the first session was to do serial dilution. This allows you to determine the number of cells in a bacterial culture. Since bacterial cell numbers are usually very high in the original sample, plating out this sample in an undiluted fashion would just lead to the creation of a bacterial lawn (a smear of many, many individual bacteria colonies that are all growing next to or on top of one another). Bacterial cell numbers need to be reduced, which is done by repeatedly diluting the amount of bacteria in the sample. A small amount of bacteria sample is mixed with a diluent solution (such sterile broth), and then successive dilutions are made. A small amount of each of the diluted bacteria samples is then spread onto an agar plate. The numbers of bacteria colonies that grow on each plate are counted. By working backwards using multiplication with the dilution factor (the number of times that you have diluted the bacteria sample with the diluent solution), we were able to make a determination of the numbers of bacteria in the original sample. After the dilutions were created 100  µl of each dilution was transferred to an agar plate using a pipette, it was then spread around the agar plate with a spreader. These six agar plates were then put into incubation at 37  °C for 24 hours. When spreading the bacterial lawn the plate with the dilution level 10-5 was done first and then th e others 10-4, 10-3, 10-2 .this is because the spreader which was used was plastic so the lower concentrated bacterium was spread first as the plastic spreader could not be flamed to kill the bacteria. If this aseptic technique was not used and the highest concentration of bacteria was used first it would have meant that the bacterial dishes would have become contaminated and also single colonies of bacteria would not be gained. If a glass spreader was used then it could have done in ascending order as the glass could be flamed by placing ethanol on the surface killing the bacteria on the glass spreader before doing the next part of the serial dilution. The final part of the first lab sessions was to prepare smears of bacteria for gram staining. Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. The Gram stain procedure distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative groups by colouring these cells pink or purple. Gram positive bacteria stain purple due to the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet these cells are stained with. Alternatively, Gram negative bacteria stain pink, which is attributed to a thinner peptidoglycan wall, which does not retain the crystal violet during the decolouring process. Gram staining involves three processes: staining with a water-soluble dye called crystal violet, decolourisation, and counterstaining, usually with safanin. Due to differences in the thickness of a peptidoglycan layer in the cell membrane between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, Gram positive bacteria (with a thicker peptidoglycan layer) retain crystal violet stain during the decolourisation process, while Gram negative bacteria lose the crystal violet stain and are instead stained by the safranin in the final staining process. The process involves three steps: 1. Cells are stained with crystal violet dye. Next, a Grams iodine solution (iodine and potassium iodide) is added to form a complex between the crystal violet and iodine. This complex is a larger molecule than the original crystal violet stain and iodine and is insoluble in water. 2. A decolouriser such as ethyl alcohol or acetone is added to the sample, which dehydrates the peptidoglycan layer, shrinking and tightening it. The large crystal violet-iodine complex is not able to penetrate this tightened peptidoglycan layer, and is thus trapped in the cell in Gram positive bacteria. Conversely, the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria is degraded and the thinner peptidoglycan layer of Gram negative cells is unable to retain the crystal violet-iodine complex and the colour is lost. 3. A counter stain, such as the weakly water soluble safranin, is added to the sample, staining it pink. Since the safranin is lighter than crystal violet, it does not disrupt the purple coloration in Gram positive cells. However, the decolourised Gram negative cells are stained pink. (The descriptive methods are shown in the handbook for all experiments.) Results for the gram staining After following the method as stated in the handbook we examined the slides under a microscope using the oil immersion objective of 100x. We then noted the shape of the bacteria that could be seen and the colour being purple (Gram positive) or pink (Gram negative). Below are the traces of the bacteria which could be seen under the microscope. Figure 1 Staph aureus gram positive (purple) Description of what could be seen: Cocci shaped bacteria Irregular clusters of bacterial cells Figure 2 Bacillus cereus gram positive (purple) Description of what could be seen: Rod shaped bacterial cell Singular bacteria Figure 3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae gram positive (purple) Description of what could be seen: Cocci shaped bacteria Clusters of bacteria closely packed Smooth Figure 4 E-coli gram negative (pink) Description of what could be seen: Rod shaped bacteria cells Linked (string like, filamentous) Results of the experiments After 24 hours the agar plates with the bacteria were ready to be viewed. Firstly the agar dishes with the hand prints were viewed. Below is a diagram of the agar dish and the bacteria which was present: There are different bacteria which were present while observing the dish, they were the following A The first bacteria which were seen and labelled as A were the largest of the three visible colonies which are circle in shape and yellow in colour with smooth edges, they can be seen to have a slightly humped surface. B These are slightly smaller in size than the ones described above and are also circle in shape but are white in colour, again the edges are smooth and the surface is humped. C- These bacterium were only seen after washing hands they had no specific shape and were a lighter colour which was not very clear. They were flat with rough edges. Before wash After wash The next dish which was observed was the streak plating dish, this had been left to incubate for 24 hours also. The results are shown on the picture below: A sample of Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated onto an agar plate using the streak plate method. From this diagram it can be seen that part 1 shows a higher concentration of bacteria. Parts 2, 3 have fewer bacteria but still there are very few single colonies. Part 4 shows many different single colonies of Staphylococcus aeurus and are easily visible. The final dish which was viewed after 24 hours of incubation was the dish containing Staphylococcus aureus where it had been diluted to 10-5. These results can be seen below where there is diagram of the Petri dish including the bacterium. From counting the colonies on the dish the figure which was calculated was 486. The amount of colonies calculated was still quite high as the preferred number of colonies would have been from 30-300. This may have been achieved if the serial dilution was carried further. To calculate the amount of cells in this agar plate first the following was done: 0.1ml of solution = 4.8610-2 (486) 1ml of solution = 4.8610-3 so as it was the serial dilution of 10-5 the calculation was then multiplied by 5 to give the final answer number of bacterial cells = 4.8610-8 The last part of the lab session was to count cells using an Improved Neubauer Counting Chamber also sometimes known as a haemocytometer. The main objective of this session was to be able to calculate the total cells in the given sample. Below is a diagram of a haemocytometer with the slide placed over it: The haemocyometer contains 9 large squares under the microscope at the 40X lens. The area of the square can be measured at 1mm2. The way to distinguish these squares from one another is by the tripe dense lines. Within each large square there are smaller grids which can be used to help during counting. Also when the counting the bacteria cells there was a set way to do this as shown below in the diagram:- Bacterial cells So as can be seen in the diagram if the bacteria cells are at placed on the edge of the small squares then they will not be recorded. The orange lines representing cells will not be recorded as they are the end of the grid. 3 dense line separating each large square The way the cells were counted was to identify which squares were going to be used to observe and calculate the number of bacteria present. The way this was done was there were 9 squares and only 5 squares were chosen as shown in the diagram below: Squares 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 were the squares which were used to count the bacteria. Once the haemocytometer was set and the proposed samples were placed into the counting chambers and then placed under a microscope to view (extended method is described in the module handbook). The cell count was done for two different cell suspensions whole blood (ovine) and brewers yeast (Saccharomyces cervisiae) the samples were not diluted. They were then counted and the results are shown in the table below. Table to show cell count from haemocytometer for the whole blood Square Number Number Of Cells Present 1 50 2 48 3 47 4 48 5 44 Total 237 To calculate the total cell count in the neat solution a calculation was needed. Firstly the average number of cells was needed to be worked out. The sum was 237/5=47.4. To work out the cell number it was multiplied by 110-4=4.7410-5 So then finally to work out the cell yield the number of cells/ml was used which was 4.710-5 and was multiplied by the total volume of 10ml and thus the yield calculated was 4.7410-6. Table to show cell count from haemocytometer for the Brewers yeast Square Number Number Of Cells Present 1 22 2 20 3 15 4 9 5 15 total 81 The same steps were taken to work out the cell number and yield for the Brewers yeast. Cell number = 1.6210-5 Cell Yield = 1.6210-6 Table to show cell number and cell yield of both samples Brewers yeast Whole blood Cell number 4.7410-4 1.6210-5 Cell yield 4.7410-6 1.6210-6 Discussion of results In this part of the report I will refer to the results obtained and assess if they were accurate or not to the study of aseptic techniques. Firstly the practical which involved looking at bacteria on the skin showed that after washing there was fewer bacteria but another form of bacterial cells started to grow. The reason for this could have been that when closing the taps I may have used my hands. The taps in the lab are made o be closed by the wrist so the bacteria is unable to come in contact with the surface of your hands. The reason for this is because if you wash your hands and then close the taps with your hands again then you are just collecting the bacteria off the taps again. In some cases the amount of microbacterium on the skin can increase after washing, this is because by covering the skin with water you are making conditions for microrganisms more favourable and thus more will grow. It is therefore understandable that the growth of microorganisms will depend upon the c hemical composition of the skin, for example if it is dry or whether it has a low pH. Most microorganisms that are present on the skin are located near hair follicles or sweat glands this is because they provide the nutrients and the correct environment for there growth. Also another reason for the bacteria still being there after washing hands on the agar dish was because of the process of washing hands. The process of washing hands should be done surgically as there is not such thing as part sterile. So to make sure that all germs and bacteria are washed away from skin the procedure of hand washing should be followed correctly. There are over 100 different types of bacteria on hands. The most common types of bacteria found on hands are familiar household names: Propionobacterium (the bacteria responsible for acne), strep, and staph (of which the infamous methicillin resistant staph aureus, MRSA is a subtype). Not all these bacteria are harmful as skin infections do not arise because you have bacteria on your skin. Rather, they arise because the type of bacteria on infected skin is not healthy bacteria but aggressive pathogenic bacteria. Streak plating discussion From looking at the results obtained from the streak plating it can be seen that the streak plate was not very accurate as the intended result was not achieved. The aim of this experiment was to try and gain single colonies but the problem with the streak plate which I had carried out was that there was not enough room for the single colonies to advance. This was because the initial inoculation streaks were too thick and so took up too much space thus leaving little space in the middle of the plate for single colonies. It is therefore required that the initial streaks are made thinner and cover, as a rough estimate, the outer 2cm of the agar plate thus, leaving plentiful space at the centre of the plate for single colonies to grow. The problem with this procedure is that each colony may not represent the progeny from one cell, as two or more cells which are very close together could appear as one colony. Another problem which may have caused difficulty achieving single colonies may h ave been the concentration of the bacteria. If the bacteria were diluted it may have helped to achieve single colonies. The single colonies which were achieved were all similar to one another this shows that the bacterium which was present in them colonies was the same bacteria. This was achieved as the inoculating loop was sterilised each time so only the bacterium which was being used grew on the agar dish. Gram Staining In this part of the practical there were four different bacteria which were tested by using the gram staining process to see if they were gram positive or gram negative. The first bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae which were gram positive bacterium as after testing the bacteria under the microscope it showed that it was stained purple. The SA under the microscope was seen like a bunch of grapes as its names suggest as Staphyle in Greek terms meant grapes. Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium, frequently living on the skin or in the nose of a healthy person that can cause illnesses ranging from minor skin infections and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis and septicemia. The Bacillus cereus is a facultative anaerobic bacterium associated with food poisoning in humans. The food poisoning is a result of ingesting toxins produced by the bacteria. B. cereus is widespread in the soil and the food industry in such foods as herbs, spices, milk, and vegetables. Transmission of this disease results not only from contaminated foods, but also from improper food handling/storage and improper cooling of cooked food. The bacteria seen under the microscope and as can be seen in the diagram (figure 2) shows the bacteria as rod shaped bacteria which do not cluster together and are separated around the slide, in different directions and are not in any particular order as they all in different angles. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also known better as yeast which could be used for baking or used while making alcohol. These cells where seen under the microscope as single cells which were rounded shaped cells and were closely packed together in groups. The last bacterium was the E. coli which was stained pink as this was a gram negative bacterium. This bacterium is found in animals and birds in the lower intestines it helps with the digestion of food. If E. coli is ingested it will cause the small intestine to become inflamed. People can contract an E. coli infection by drinking contaminated water, eating fruit or vegetables that have been watered with contaminated water, drinking unpasteurised milk, or eating undercooked ground meat. In Gram-positive cells, peptidoglycan makes up as much as 90% of the thick cell wall; more than 20 layers of this polymer stacked together. These peptidoglycan layers are the outermost cell wall structure of Gram positive cells, whereas in Gram negative cells, the thinner peptidoglycan component is covered by an external lipopolysaccharide (LPS) membrane. Serial dilution agar dish 10-5 This practical was done to see if individual colonies were able to be produced so the cells could be counted. The main aim was to reach from 30 -300 individual colonies. The amount of colonies which I produced in my agar dish was calculated and counted at 486. The method used was to try and calculate the number of cells in 1 ml solution of SA. This could only be done by serial dilution as it would be too difficult to count the cells if the bacterium solution was not diluted. The other dishes had too many colonies to count just by using the naked eye because it looked like a bacteria lawn. To try and achieve a better result and fewer colonies the experiment could have gone further and instead of having a concentration of 10-5 the solution could have been diluted further. By diluting down the solution it also allows the bacterium to grow in optimum conditions as they do not have problems such as less space or food. Cell counting using a haemocytometer In this part of the practical two solution were supplied and cells were counted by the use of a haemocytometer and a microscope. While counting the bacteria it may have been misjudged as some bacteria may not have been counting this is one reason why the number recorded were quite low as the solution was not diluted as well. Also when counting the bacteria its a total cell count so it is the living and dead bacteria so the results are not as accurate if only doing a live cell count. A better idea would be to do a serial dilution when doing a live cell count as only the living cells will grow into individual colonies. For the whole blood the amount of cells which were calculated was 237 and in the brewers yeast there were 81 cells. A reason for the brewers yeast having less amount of cells maybe that the cells form flocks of cells so it may be hard to visually see separate cells so when counting them a few cells may be counted as one cell. Also when counting these cells the same perso n was used to count the cells in both solution the reason for this being as different people have different judgments and by using the same person it will help gain fair and more accurate results.